ABSTRACT. While there is no dearth of studies on strategic alignment between business and IT, there is a lack of end-to end modelling techniques to depict such alignment. This paper presents a new modelling technique, by synthesizing two leading modelling techniques – (a) Archmiate – the tool proposed by The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) and the Business Motivation Model (BMM). The contribution of this paper is that it presents a new, end-to end modelling technique that can link the IT capabilities to the business strategy, thus depicting strategic alignment. Additionally through this technique, the paper also presents a new comprehensive model to explain how an Enterprise Architecture framework (like TOGAF) can enable strategic alignment between business and IT.

ABSTRACT. This study aims to explore the key theoretical foundations for the development of an Agile Marketing Capability (AMC) framework, through the performance of an in-depth literature review on IT and dynamic marketing capabilities. Our framework enables us to 1) advance the understanding of how IT and dynamic marketing capabilities evolve into agile marketing capabilities 2) unpack the distinctive and ongoing processes and features through which the Agile Marketing capabilities is accomplished 3) define the key propositions for a new marketing capability: the Agile Marketing Capability. This work may represent a useful framework for managers and decision makers to better understand the competitive advantages which could derive from the employment of agile marketing capabilities in order to improve their skills in challenging the continuous changes in market and customers’ needs.

ABSTRACT. In digital public spaces we experience an apparently contradicting dichotomy: we have the perception of anonymity using some computer-mediated communication systems (e.g. interactions mediated by technology reducing f2f, or nicknames hiding our identity), but also the awareness that our online presence and activities could be recorded in details and potentially stored forever.

How anonymity effects communication and its impact at individual, social and organizational level has been addressed in literature, mainly focusing on negative consequences (Kiesler et al. 1984, Davenport 2002, Rainie et al. 2013). However, as Christopherson (2007) pointed out, there is a notable positive side of anonymity, such as the importance to maintain privacy.

While the relationship “anonymity - communication systems” has been explored, it is not clear what are the effects of anonymity when the online exchange concerns something more tangible than pure communication, as for example goods or money. Bitcoin (BTC), a peer-to-peer electronic currency system, can represent an ideal research domain to investigate this relationship.

First we identify a set of key anonymity limitations in BTC system, next we investigate how difficult is to weaken BTC anonymity using only publicly available data. We discover that several anonymity threats do not have a technical nature but are dependent on users’ behavior and decisions.

ABSTRACT. The issue that this study addresses is the role of the negative antecedents of absorption – distraction and boredom – and the role of absorption as a mediator mechanism between these antecedents and both learning and training transfer, in technological learning environments. Furthermore, this study focuses on creative climate as a moderator of the links among boredom, distraction, absorption and the above noted training outcomes. To address the research goals, this study will provide a framework and formulate testable propositions about the above described moderated mediation model. To gather data, a survey is going to be administered to a sample of executive master students enrolled in a management program, where learning experiences rely on a computer-based simulation as a metaphorical context to transfer the content of the class.

ABSTRACT. In the last decade, online education has become a fast-growing delivery method in higher education in Italy. According to data provided by the Ital-ian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research during the academic year 2014-2015, 60.000 students were enrolled in a Telematic University, experiencing a 60% growth rate in the last five years. In this frame it is im-portant to inquire about blended learning adoption and implementation in or-der to assist University leaders in changing policies that will lead to im-provement of teaching and learning conditions. Using a case study and con-ducting a survey on online structure this paper aims: a) to identify institu-tional strategy, structure, and support markers that would allow administra-tors to determine their progress in transitioning exploration of blended learing to implementation; b) to understand what are the main factors affecting satis-faction of faculty involved in a blended learning experience.

ABSTRACT. This article aims to verify, through an empirical analysis, the interest that Euro- pean universities attribute for the educational design phase in developing e- learning system. Specifically, the purpose is to understand how some specific universities implement the design of courses in e-learning system. The approach adopted for carrying out the research was mixed characterized by an explorato- ry research design. Initially, quantitative data were collected to identify the Eu- ropean universities involved in e-learning system; then qualitative research was carried out through the construction of multiple case studies and the develop- ment of semi structured interviews for selected subjects within some European universities. The quantitative survey was carried out by examining the websites of the top 100 European universities present in a ranking called Quacquarelli Symonds, better known as QS World University Rankings 2015/16, which in- cludes the best universities based on geographical area. From this quantitative analysis of the best European universities emerges that all 100 studied universi- ties adopt e-learning methodology. The qualitative interviews, within four spe- cific universities, show a specific attention with regard to the design of the e- learning courses and the answers focused specifically on individual professional figures involved in the project team. Therefore the University’s managers inter- viewed on e-learning design focused more on the activities carried out of differ- ent professionals and not on how to implement the e-learning project entirely.

ABSTRACT. Technology offers businesses and marketing specialists the ability to collect -and, later on, to process- immense amounts of private data about individuals’ interests or characteristics (whims, opinions, tastes, purchase history) as they input information or just surf the Internet. A better knowledge of clients -together with the new means of contact that information and communication technologies offer- allows firms to build up new relationships with their customers. Personalisation has become the key word in this new context. For already quite some time, many companies do not deal with consumers as a mass or as segments, but try to treat them as a unique and identifiable target. In this new scenario, users are not passive actors and, certainly, their response to business strategies is a fundamental element in the final result. Indeed, as personalisation has become a widespread practice, users are increasingly aware of the trade-off between anonymity and personalised, more useful, services. Our research intends to know whether a growing consciousness about the way in which service providers use personal data -both for the worse and for the better- is having an impact in disclosure behaviour. In other words, whether the privacy calculus -understood in economical behaviour terms- plays a role in practice. To reach a conclusion, a questionnaire aimed to test the hypotheses of the model was conducted. The survey took place during at the end of 2016 with about 1,500 respondents representative of the Internet population in Spain. Once the results of the questionnaire are ready, the paper the usual steps in structural equation modelling to ascertain diverse hypothesis on the behaviour of the users regarding the trade-off between disclosure of personal information and the benefits provided by Internet firms will be followed. The theory of planned behaviour or the APCO (antecedents - privacy concerns - outcomes) model will be discussed as a possible basis for an integrated theoretical framework.

ABSTRACT. Nursing, conceived as a daily professional service aimed at “taking care of”, “satisfying the needs”, “the well-being of the assisted person”, has a very recent history compared to other disciplines in the field of medicine and further professional fields. Nurses have found their affirmation for a long time as well as an obvious prestige and social recognition. Over recent decades, despite the deep evolution of the nurses’ figure, the public opinion is still anchored to an image of them, heavily influenced by stereotypes and prejudices fuelled above all by mass media (and new media). Indeed, media contribute to provide a professional portrait that mostly corresponds to the old role, duties and composition of this professional category, with limited skills, working in the shadow of physicians to whom only clinical knowledge belongs. The aim of this paper is to define the portrait of this professional figure and how it is altered by means of communica-tion and, thus, transmitted to public opinion. Adopting a qualitative methodology, using text analysis technique, we investigate and represent through images 50 articles published on web (blog, social media, specialized nursing websites) in the period 2008-2016, evidencing the main role and functions attributed to nurses still deeply affected by stereotypes and prejudices and the related professional identity.

ABSTRACT. In the literature there are many definitions of co-creation and several disciplines are involved within this approach, especially co-design, participatory design and open innovation. Co-creation has been linked with many tools and platforms, without a coherent framework and specific guiding principles to follow, especially within the Smart Cities’ context for developing new services. For this reason, it is required to clearly define which are the methodologies and digital tools that cities should pursue to fully exploit the potential of these platforms in terms of enhancing global collaborations. Starting from the review of the literature on participatory design, co-creation and open innovation, the paper aims to discuss the role of Living Labs in supporting service design for Smart Cities, by providing an effective approach for involving stakeholders in real life experimentation through digital platforms. The evaluation has taken into account the current use of co-creation approaches by eight Smart Cities involved in the SynchroniCity project, and considered as the current best practices in Europe. The analysis focused on timing, stakeholders, activities for involving citizens, rewarding systems, tools and metrics used to investigate the success of their implementation. Ten methods and twelve tools have been selected as the one best supporting Smart Cities in service design and their real application has been investigated through an online questionnaire and in depth interviews to the cities. As a result of the study, Living Lab has resulted as the most used and effective methodology for the Smart Cities in the EU for service design.

ABSTRACT. Investments in information technology related to the e-business adoption represent often crucial decisions for small and medium sized enterprises (SME). Therefore e-business design and implementation are key factors in minimizing risks and in promoting valuable outcomes. However, there is an inclination in the IS literature to adopt approaches and models that have been criticized for their techno-centric and mechanistic character. Here a pragmatist perspective is adopted “that allows for conceiving of technological and social aspects of work practices in an integrated way” [1, p. 40]. Given that e-business is distinguished by different levels of information exchanges among both the actors of the firm and its suppliers and customers, the paper proposes an interaction-based model to orientate both entrepreneurs’ choices and designers’ research and practice.

ABSTRACT. In this paper we explored the introduction of an automated parcel sorting system in a major company in the logistic and parcel delivery industry. Adopting a Grounded Theory approach, we carried out a study that highlighted profound and unexpected organizational implications and management challenges connected to the introduction of the new technology. Our analysis revealed the key role of the Industrial Engineering function as a change agent in devising and managing the introduction of the automated system. In particular, Industrial Engineering actually managed the organizational change by determining the right balance between several opposite dimensions (manual vs automated; planned vs agile; local vs global). Handling these tensions with a holistic approach may constitute a crucial factor for the change program effectiveness. Contrasting our findings with extant literature, we found resonance with latest works on ambidexterity, interpreted as a firm’s ability to manage tensions. The resulting outcome is a substantive grounded theory of ambidexterity in an automation enhancement program.

ABSTRACT. From reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2014, Italian unlisted companies filing their financial statements under the national GAAP have to deposit them to the Business Register in fully XBRL format (i.e. the digital language is mandatory not only for the face statements but also for the notes). In particular, for companies submitting their financial statements in the abbreviated form, the mandatory taxonomy 2014-11-17 has offered the option to use in their financial statement notes also tables which are proper of the standard financial statements: this means that they can voluntari-ly provide more information than that normally required by the law. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon focusing on its level and analyzing the variables explaining the reasons that push Italian SMEs to use, in their abbreviated financial statements, non-compulsory tables that are proper of the standard ones. Based on a large sample of 8,738 elements, we report surprising results: more than 80% of the abbreviated financial statements include at least one table proper of the standard financial statements, while on average they include seven. In addi-tion, when analyzing the determinants of this phenomenon we find that the only relevant variable explaining the number of optional tables included in the abbreviated financial statements is the soft-ware used for preparing them. Interestingly, these results are partially in contrast even with the re-cent choice of the Italian legislator to introduce, implementing the Directive 2013/34/EU, the cate-gory of “micro-enterprises” for which the financial statement notes are not mandatory: our analysis shows that even the small companies prefer to disclose a larger amount of information, and this is far beyond the minimum required by the law.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and Management Control Systems (MCS) in the information management within seaports when an information technology platform has been adopted, such as the Port Community Systems (PCSs). We conducted a literature review on PCSs and on how AIS and MCS could contribute to the platform in order to support the making decision processes of port users, like forwarder and shipping agents. Starting from previous studies focused on Italian sea-ports, by using the case study methodology, we collected data through semi-structured in-terviews to managers of selected firms. Indeed, we have outlined the usefulness in adopting AIS and MCS for PCS in the forwarder and shipping agents perspective. Thus, it will be possible to define control measures (e.g. key performance indicators) able to involve also other organisations, different from port authority (PA).

ABSTRACT. Social media represent an important tool for information dissemination and companies have widely accepted the potential benefits associated with their usage. In this regard, we analyze social media reporting practices for a sample of 200 Albanian companies during one year. In specific, we focus on the content of the posts shared by the companies on their Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn official pages. The main objective is to understand the purposes of social media reporting activities of Albanian companies and whether there are differences in their disclosure practices compared to companies from the European Union (EU). This article demonstrates that less than half of the companies of the sample have at least one social media page and Facebook represents the social media most preferred by companies for their reporting initiatives, while LinkedIn is the least preferred. In addition, we find that Albanian companies use social media mainly for marketing activities. When analyzing if there are specific variables that could explain company reporting activities on social media, we find that company sector, audience and revenues might explain its activities on social media. This study adds to the existing literature by providing social media reporting activities from the perspective of a developing country planning to be part of the EU and thus implementing its promoted disclosure practices. In addition, our findings corroborate with previous studies analyzing the social media reporting practices mainly for EU and US companies.

ABSTRACT. The paper focuses on the relationship between ICT usage and job satisfaction, following a classic research stream, analysing the role of work design. The findings of the analysis, carried out on a sample of 35,187 employees in Europe (data source: EWCS2010), demonstrate that the use of ICT is important in favouring individual’s satisfaction about his/her own work. We also demonstrated that job design has an important role in determining the strength and the form of the relationship between ICT usage and job satisfaction. Our results offer interesting stimuli for a debate between scholars and practi-tioners in the management of employees in a context in which technologies represent an indispensable tool for workers, so that the role of the organization is to “design” tasks properly in order to grant this new way of working.

ABSTRACT. Electronic performance monitoring (EPM) has played an important role in per-formance assessment in many different work settings. Our literature view on EPM (1978-2016) resulted in a total of 96 articles on EPM. Based on our review of this literature, we briefly outline our observations regarding the findings on EPM to date. We identify three pertinent areas that need more consideration due to the increasing digitization at work, the amount of data being collected by various devices with many potential purposes, and the resulting interconnectedness that challenges existing practices. The first challenge regards the unknown role and context effects that have not been explored in the EPM literature. The second challenge concerns data collection and management issues within organizations due to digitization. The third challenge is to determine when, how, by whom, about whom (employees, managers, or teams), and for what specific, legal or ethically justifiable reason data (such as EPM) is collected within organizations, a process that requires a multi-stakeholder perspective.

ABSTRACT. This study is based on a configurational approach and aims to provide systematic knowledge on which configurations of e-HRM adoption actually exist at the global level. We operationalised e-HRM configuration as a com-bination of the actual degree of technological presence and the degree to which the technology is used to enable HRM activities. The core research questions addressed in this paper are: Which configurational types exist in e-HRM adoption? Which contextual factors explain the emergence of a certain configurational type of e-HRM? We adopted an exploratory cross-national research design and performed a cluster analysis among 5854 companies operating in 31 countries. According to our findings four types of e-HRM configurations can be identified named “non-usage”, “HR primacy”, “Integrated e-HRM”, and “IT primacy”. In particular, the lack of cooperation between IT and HR departments generates hybrid e-HRM configurations and unsuccessful adoption. Moreover, organizational size, SHRM and competing in international markets contribute more to determine the actual type of e-HRM configuration. Our results suggest also that the effect of national policies triggering innovation on e-HRM configurations should be considered rather than broader geographical clusters.

ABSTRACT. E2mC aims at demonstrating the technical and operational feasibility of the integration of social media analysis and crowdsourced information within both the Mapping and Early Warning Components of Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS). Copernicus is a European Union programme aimed at developing information services based on satellite earth observation. A fundamental innovation with E2MC is to combine the automated analysis of social media information with crowdsourcing, with the general goal of improving the quality and dependability of the information provided to professional users within the Copernicus network. The automated analyses will focus on multimedia information (mainly pictures), which is most useful for rapid mapping purposes. A fundamental challenge to enable the effective use of multimedia information is geolocation. The paper presents a methodology to extract, integrate and geolocate information from social media and leverage the crowd to clean, validate and complement this information. Preliminary results from testing the methodology are presented based on the analysis of tweets on the earthquake that struck Central Italy in August 2016.

ABSTRACT. This study aim is to understand the diffusion of networking technologies by Italian municipalities. Using the case study methods, we try to explore the official Facebook page in order to highlight the municipalities Facebook activities on social media to promote interconnectivity between government and its stakeholder. Above all, we would answer to two research questions: (1) how the municipalities use a social media? (2) What type of contents they disclosure using these tools? During the research, we supervise the City of Naples Facebook account to highlight the municipalities behavior on social media and the content mainly disclosure by municipalities through the social media.

ABSTRACT. Local transportation services are an essential component of urban infrastructure. The constantly growing requirements and expectations from several stakeholders, ranging from public authorities, operators and passengers, demand a deep rethinking of the entire system and the ways actors collaborate and interact. Such services must be oriented towards sustainability in everyday living, requiring systemic approaches able to support Quality of Service (QoS) improvement. This paper aims at highlighting the main facets of QoS from the different perspectives (service providers, stakeholders, passengers an commuters) and pro-poses a systemic modeling approach for the analysis of QoS in smart mobility. The whole architectural framework is described and Apulian Mobility Insight, the platform for analyzing QoS, is proposed. The approach has been validated in the Apulia region in the South of Italy.

ABSTRACT. The sharing economy represents an economic model based on the sharing of goods and services. In particular, this paper examines car sharing model, an attractive alternative to a self-owned car which has found large interest in the recent literature in different research fields. This study aims to investigate innovative and effective relocation strategies based on the analysis of data on users’ consumptions, for the constantly growing car sharing system. For this purpose, after a literature review, the paper presents a case study focused on the car repositioning algorithm developed by one of the market leader in this sector: car2go. More in detail, the paper evaluates differences and similarities in the strategic management of this model within the Italian context, through a comparison among the cities of Rome and Milan. Empirical results and practical implications for users will be provided, by highlighting opportunities and threats concerning the different settings.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of mapping, modeling and visualizing framework of Business Models (BMs) in network. Hence, the notion of BM´s plays a more and more important role these days and the correla-tion of BMs and different layers of businesses, BM ecosystems (BMES), and BM Innovation (BMI), is interesting to study. The importance of relations and value flows inside and outside BM´s enabled by these relations in this case be-comes more and more important as it can facilitated understanding of BM´s oper-ation. By a BM relation axiom framework a structured view on TO BE And AS IS BM in network is taken. The purpose of this study is to investigate the map-ping, modeling and visualizing possibility of Business Models (BMs) in network with the aim at a latter stage to digitalize the framework and use advanced tech-nologies for mapping, modeling, and visualizing BM networks

ABSTRACT. This paper aims to explore what the factors enabling or threatening IT and IS innovation choices are and how these they interact to mould organisational change in professional service firms, and especially in accounting firms. We employ a survey carried out in the Italian setting, relating to IT and IS strategies to understand whether they may enable innovation and knowledge creation and sharing. The paper reveals complex and multifaceted circumstances, providing interesting implications both under academic and managerial aspects.

ABSTRACT. The wide diffusion of XBRL will reach another milestone with wide-scale transition to iXBRL in the European Union. This mandatory implementation involves all European listed companies, as ESMA requires iXBRL as format for companies issuing IFRS consolidated financial statements from 1st January 2020. This paper explores the point of view of preparers, key-subjects in identifying the potential drawbacks of XBRL adoption, since they are directly involved in this transition. Accordingly, we perform a content analysis of letters responding to the ESMA 2015 consultation paper and interpret them in the light of previous empirical literature on the topic and considering the positions expressed by other categories of respondents. The current paper contributes to XBRL literature by shedding light on preparers’ positions before this mandatory transition. Additionally, it stresses the gap existing between subjects bearing implementation costs of this communication technology and its end-users. This paper provides insights useful for European policy-makers in order to timely improve the process of transition to the XBRL format. Indeed, findings remark the trade-off between the need for innovation and the necessity to reduce administrative burdens to enhance the competitiveness of European companies. This analysis could also be of interest for policy-makers of other jurisdictions evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of XBRL adoption. Finally, companies and stakeholders that will support them in the transition might benefit from a clearer understanding of this process.

ABSTRACT. Several authors tried to explain the key determinants in technology acceptance using the technology acceptance model (TAM). TAM posits that ease of use and usefulness predict technology usage. Despite it strong usage there are several study that show a lack in the model due to the absence of personal factors that should be considered. This paper aims to show the existence of significant difference in technology usage between different groups of people. Two hundreds and fifty individuals responded to a survey about technology usage in their firms. Our results show that there is a statistically significant difference in ease of use and in perceived usefulness. The investigation applies TAM to help researchers, developers and managers understand antecedents to users intention to use.

ABSTRACT. This study focuses on educational setting, more specifically on schools in order to analyze them evidencing the main factors able to affect their performance. In the digital era schools offer educational services also using e-learning platforms with a significant impact on the way they perform and, consequently, it is more difficult to investigate and evaluate the school performance. Schools face greater difficulties to achieve education requirements and, thus, they are forced to ensure their services adopting an alternative educational model compared with traditional face-to-face learning. I this scenario briefly described this paper analyzes and suggests managerial accounting tools, mostly Balanced Scorecard, for measuring, assessing and monitoring schools performance. Based on the conceptual analysis, we provide a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for guiding schools in improving their performance respecting effectiveness and efficiency criteria. The study provides some interesting managerial implications for school management.

ABSTRACT. The relevance of the study of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the social pollution phenomenon in the labor sphere is determined by the expansion of toxic HRM practices using by modern employers and managers within companies. In the conditions of growing precarization, hired workers more often face with negative changes in labor relations at their workplaces. The complexity of assessing the social and psychological motives of managers, as well as the behavioral reactions of employees in the process of their interaction, leads to the need to address the Internet network. We have used methods of narrative research and content analysis to obtain empirical data that allows us to identify key images of the destructive interaction of employers, managers and workers. Based on the identification of the types and forms of such destructive interaction, we propose a classification of toxic HRM practices of modern organizations, which is a contribution to the development of the theory. The practical significance of the study results lies in the flatness of making managerial decisions aimed at reducing the level of toxicity of labor relations, which have a negative impact on both the psychosocial well-being of employees in particular, and the company's economic performance in general.

ABSTRACT. The increased use of information technology throughout organizations lead to a surge in concern for information security. Information security standards guide information security policy implementation, but the challenge of ensuring compli-ance is still a major issue, despite extensive information security research. The lack of versatility in theoretical approaches led to calls for sociological approaches to contribute to the literature, but they were only partly addressed. The proposed framework of convention theory can serve as a fruitful approach, providing a ho-listic perspective and a strong theoretical foundation. The use of human resource information systems (HRIS) und electronic human resource management (e-HRM) extends the concern for information security to human resource (HR) practices and data privacy is no longer an issue solely for external stakeholders but for employees alike. At the same time, the role of HR practices in contributing to compliance with information security policies seems to be underestimated in existing literature. This paper introduces main concepts of a convention theory-based framework and illustrates implications for information security research and suggests that HR practices can contribute to ensuring information security in organizations.

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the relationship between individual cultural orientation and information system individual impact in the Court of Naples. The findings show that flexibility and discretion within courts are successful factors for implementing information systems at individual level. This study contributes to the literature on information system and organizational culture in different ways. First, we corroborate the findings that flexible organizations are a more fertile ground for Information and Communication Technologies implementation and the success of information systems or to materialize the contribution of these systems to improving individual performance. Moreover, we investigate the relationship between individual cultural orientation and information system individual impact in a specific sector of Public Administration, i.e. judicial system, that has received less attention by scholars compared to other public sectors.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Knowledge is more and more a strategic resource for health organizations while information & communication technology earns an important role for sharing knowledge and informations among people in and out organizations. These conditions satisfy specific demands related to the new emerging information needs, asking for a change in relationships and effective communication. So, the Medicine Apps represent an emerging and rapidly developing framework for health system, able to contribute to its quality and efficiency. The same European Union and U.S. Supervisory Authority activated in the last years an appropriate study in order to control the Medical Applications downloaded directly through mobile devices and able to influence health performance. This work presents the results of the descriptive studies in order to make clear the general dynamics and functionality of the Medicine Category Apps, in their effective support for doctors in their relationship with patients; in addition, in addition, with this work will be possible to know how such a tool can create virtual communities that influence the same quality of patients’ care

ABSTRACT. Technology is leading cities to build growth and development rediscovering the city as sustainable organism oriented to enhance smartness as concept and urban policy initiative and improve citizen participation as drivers for proceeding towards a sustainable development. Cities planning a smart development do not necessarily become sustainable cities. Cities can build relationships with their inhabitants involving people in public affairs and policies without developing smart initiatives. Sustainability of cities relies on combining both smartness and participation as drivers enabling cities to design and build a path for driving a sustainable development.

ABSTRACT. Abstract. Many studies have shown that volunteers have the potential to provide a valuable contribution to complex research projects. To reach this outcome, the environment in which contributors are engaged has to be carefully configured to foster collaboration while designing tasks with low interdependence. The broad term defining this integration of external contributions in scientific research is “open/citizen science”. Being this phenomenon relatively innovative in its capillary applications, theoretical frameworks and operative guidelines are still evolving. Our paper aims to contribute to this research field, examining and testing public engagement activities for a robotics research project, HeritageBot (HB). In detail, our paper explores the process of developing collaborative initiatives involving external actors in a set of HB’s scientific research tasks through a set of public engagement, “open”, initiatives. First, we will propose a theoretical framework that we designed to support our activities, and then, we will compare and select a set of methodologies for developing open/citizen-science strategies. Subsequently, we will focus on empirical episodes in which we were involved while developing HB’s public engagement solutions. Finally, we will introduce the experimental validation process of the identified solutions, also showing a summary of preliminary results.

ABSTRACT. Crowdsourcing has become a powerful mechanism for doing online work. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers completed their homework (Aniket Kittur, 2010). As a new distributed processing model, crowdsourcing enables people to harness the intelligence and wisdom of the crowd toward problem solving (Mohammad Allahbakhsh et al., 2013). By now, in the media and in business on the Internet, crowdsourcing is recognized as an innovative form of value creation that needs to be taken seriously and realized in various forms (DKL Hammon et al., 2012). This article provides a framework for map of different dimensions to manage the crowd through a tutor. We consider the different roles and tasks of tutor through the field analysis of crowd platforms of some companies which use crowdsourcing. The analysis also considers the differences in roles and tasks in relation to where crowd activity is placed into company’s value chain. Into crowdsourcing the “digital people”; live in a digital society where every individual have a role and operate into an online communities, and those have force point and weakness point. The tutor cans also monitoring these points. The method utilized is netnography (Kozinets, 2002), through an online participation-observation (Kozinets, 2001, 2002; Muniz and Schau, 2005) of researcher.

ABSTRACT. There is widespread belief that crowdfunding can successfully support charity operation by accelerating and simplifying the process of finding large pools of funders. Analysing a unique dataset of country level donations to a crowdfunding platform in 2016, we identify contextual factors that hinder online donations. Specifically, looking at the role of digital divide, digital literacy and peer effects on social networks, our study extends the existing literature on charity crowdfunding. Implications are discussed in both theoretical and practical terms on the modes of engagement of online communities and on possible tactics to overcome donations barriers.